All 9 Chapters - Definitions & Formulas
Click on any chapter to expand and view all definitions, formulas, and key terms.
Chapter 1 – Physical Quantities and Measurements
Fundamental & derived quantities, units, precision
New 2025
Physical Quantities
Quantities that can be measured directly or indirectly using tools and instruments.
SI Units
A system of measurement consisting of seven base units: meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount), candela (luminous intensity).
Measurement Tools:
• Metre rule (least count: 1 mm)
• Vernier Calliper (least count: 0.1 mm)
• Screw gauge (least count: 0.01 mm)
• Stopwatch (least count: 0.1 s)
Chapter 2 – Kinematics
Rest & motion, scalars/vectors, equations of motion
New 2025
Motion Types
Translatory, rotatory, vibratory, linear, random, and circular motion.
Scalar vs Vector
Scalar quantities have magnitude only; vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.
Kinematic Equations:
\( v = u + at \)
\( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 \)
\( 2as = v^2 - u^2 \)
Speed = \( \frac{Distance}{Time} \), Velocity = \( \frac{Displacement}{Time} \)
Chapter 3 – Dynamics
Newton's laws, momentum, friction, circular motion
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Newton's Laws of Motion
1st: Law of inertia, 2nd: F=ma, 3rd: Action-reaction pairs.
Force Types
Contact forces (friction, normal, tension) and non-contact forces (gravity, electromagnetic).
Key Formulas:
• Force: \( F = ma \)
• Momentum: \( p = mv \)
• Impulse: \( F \times \Delta t \)
• Weight: \( w = mg \)
Chapter 4 – Turning Effect of Forces
Torque, equilibrium, center of mass
New 2025
Torque/Moment of Force
The turning effect of a force about an axis of rotation. \( \tau = F \times l \)
Equilibrium
A body is in equilibrium when net force and net torque are both zero.
Key Concepts:
• Principle of moments
• Center of gravity and center of mass
• Stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium
• Couple: Two equal and opposite parallel forces
Chapter 5 – Work and Energy
Work, energy forms, conservation, power
New 2025
Work
Product of force and displacement in the direction of force. \( W = F \times S \times \cos\theta \)
Energy Forms
Kinetic, potential, chemical, thermal, nuclear, and renewable energy sources.
Energy Formulas:
• Kinetic Energy: \( E_k = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \)
• Potential Energy: \( E_p = mgh \)
• Power: \( P = \frac{W}{t} \)
• Efficiency: \( \frac{\text{Useful output}}{\text{Total input}} \times 100\% \)
Chapter 6 – Properties of Matter
Elasticity, pressure, Hooke's law, Archimedes
New 2025
Elasticity
Property of solids to return to original shape after deforming force is removed.
Pressure
Force exerted normally per unit area. \( P = \frac{F}{A} \)
Key Formulas:
• Density: \( \rho = \frac{m}{V} \)
• Pressure: \( P = \frac{F}{A} \)
• Hooke's Law: \( F = kx \)
• Liquid Pressure: \( P = \rho gh \)
Chapter 7 – Thermal Properties of Matter
Temperature, heat, expansion, specific heat
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Temperature vs Heat
Temperature measures hotness/coldness; heat is energy transfer due to temperature difference.
Thermometers
Liquid-in-glass thermometers and thermocouples for temperature measurement.
Temperature Scales:
• Celsius: 0°C (ice point) to 100°C (steam point)
• Fahrenheit: 32°F to 212°F
• Kelvin: 273 K to 373 K (absolute scale)
• Absolute Zero: -273°C or 0 K
Chapter 8 – Magnetism
Magnetic materials, field, electromagnetic induction
New 2025
Magnetic Properties
Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. Magnetic field lines from N to S pole.
Electromagnetism
Electric current produces magnetic field. Right-hand grip rule determines direction.
Magnetic Materials:
• Ferromagnetic (iron, nickel, cobalt)
• Paramagnetic (aluminum, lithium)
• Diamagnetic (copper, bismuth)
• Temporary vs permanent magnets
Chapter 9 – Nature of Science
Scientific method, limitations, role of physics
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Scientific Method
Systematic approach: Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Theory → Law.
Physics Branches
Mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, relativity.
Interdisciplinary Fields:
• Biophysics
• Medical Physics
• Astrophysics
• Geophysics
• Climate Physics
• Computational Physics